GRAMMAR, SPELLING, PUNCTUATION AND TEXT COMPLETION

BAHASA INGGERIS - Year 4


GRAMMAR, SPELLING, PUNCTUATION AND TEXT COMPLETION

GRAMMAR, SPELLING AND PUNCTUATION.

(i) GRAMMAR

Introduction


A. NOUNS

Nouns are words that name people, places, animals and things.

Common Nouns

Common nouns refer to people, places, animals and things of the same class or kind. Examples:


Proper Nouns

Proper nouns refer to particular people, places, animals and things. Proper nouns always begin with capital letters. Examples:

Countable and Uncountable Nouns

Nouns can be countable and uncountable.
(i)Countable nouns are nouns that can be counted such as pencils, apples, people and cars.
(ii) Uncountable nouns are nouns that cannot be counted such as water, salt, sugar and sand.


Phrasal quantifiers are used to count uncountable nouns. Among the examples are a glass of milk, a bowl of rice, a spoon of sugar and a packet of salt.

Look at the list of phrasal quantifiers below:


1. Would you like a cup of tea?
2. Rita eats two slices of bread every morning.
3. How many packets of biscuits did you buy?
4. We can see a range of mountains from here.
5. Mani wanted to buy a bottle of oil from that shop.
6. Can you please add a pinch of salt to my bowl of soup?
7. I gave my mum a box of chocolates for Mother's Day this year.
8. I usually drink a glass of milk before I go to sleep at night.
9. That group of islands was washed away during the recent tsunami.
10. To make sardine sandwiches, you will need a loaf of bread and a can of sardines.


Note

Quantifiers can be used with countable and uncountable nouns. Look at the list of quantifiers below:

1. Is there any rice left in the pot?
2. I need some money to buy new books.
3. There is only a little water left in the bottle.
4. A lot of people enjoyed that entertaining movie.
5. A small number of students were absent yesterday.
6. Much time was wasted waiting for the bus to arrive.
7. Several pupils in this class scored full marks in the test.
8. You need only a small amount of sugar to make this cake.
9. Some durians taste very sweet but a few do not taste sweet at all.
10. There are many oranges in the crate but only a few can be eaten.


Singular and Plural Nouns

Singular nouns stand for one person or thing such as boy, cat, toy and apple.

Plural nouns stand for more than one person or thing such as boys, cats, toys and apples. You need to add -s or -es to change them into plural nouns. Examples:


Besides that, you need to add -s or -ies to words ending in -y. Examples:

You can change singular nouns to plural nouns by changing the inside vowel. Examples:


You can change singular nouns to plural nouns by adding -en. Examples:

You can change singular nouns to plural nouns by adding -s to special nouns. Examples:

However, some nouns are only used in the plural form. Among them are scissors,
trousers, shorts,clothes and spectacles.

B. PRONOUNS

Pronouns are words that replace nouns. Examples:

The word She replaces the noun Mary. Therefore, She is a pronoun.

Personal Pronouns

Personal pronouns can be the subject or the object in a sentence.

(i) If a pronoun is used as a subject, use it immediately before a noun.
(ii) If a pronoun is used as a object, use it after a verb or a preposition.



1. Please give that book to me.
2. I am the monitor of this class.
3. She talks to him when he is free.
4. You need to buy a new pair of shoes.
5. Can you return Roshan's book to him?
6. Azman was late because he missed the bus.
7. I do not see you talking with her nowadays.
8. We were early so the teacher praised us.
9. Hida and Azizi always carry their books with them.
10. The cat finished the food because it was very hungry.


Possessive Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives

Possessive pronouns are pronouns that show possession. They occur at the end of a sentence.
Possessive adjectives also show possession. However, they occur before a noun.



Interrogative Pronouns

Interrogative pronouns are used to introduce questions.



who
whom
what
whose
which


Demonstrative Pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns are pronouns that point out a person or a thing. Examples:

1. Who gave you this bag?
2. These books are brand new.
3. Anis lives in that house over there.
4. Please put these fruits in this basket.
5. This papaya tree bears a lot of fruits.


C. ADJECTIVES

Adjectives are words to describe nouns. They describe more about the shapes, sizes and colours of nouns. Examples:

1. My brother has a big blue van.
2.Zana's cat has white fur and a short tail.
3. Please put this round tin on that square table.
4. The red rose in that tall vase looks very fresh.
5. My parrot has green, red and yellow feathers.
6. Erlina likes to wear purple shirts and blue jeans.
7. The boy threw small pebbles into that shallow pond.
8. My mum bought a small bag with a long strap for my sister.
9. He managed to swim across that wide river without any problems.
10. That tall boy standing next to the large building is my cousin, Sam.

Positive, Comparative and Superlative


Adjectives have three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative and superlative.


- The positive form is used when no comparison is made.
- The comparative form is used to compare two nouns. You need to add -er to the adjectives of comparison and the word than after that. Examples:

1. I am older than my sister.
2. He is taller than the teacher.

- The superlative form is used to compare three or more nouns. You need to add -est to the adjectives and the in front of it. Examples:

1. Reza is the smartest boy in class.
2. Kasturi is the prettiest among her sisters.



Other examples:

The words more and most are used for adjectives of three or more syllables. They are also used with some adjectives with two syllables. Examples:

1. Her house is more beautiful than mine but his house is the most beautiful.
2. She was more cheerful yesterday than on Monday but today she is the most cheerful.

Some adjectives are compared irregularly. Examples :



D. PREPOSITIONS

Prepositions are words used before nouns or pronouns to show location or direction.
(i) Prepositions of location show place and position. Examples: in, on, under, next to, behind, between, among and against.
(ii)Prepositions of direction show the direction of things. Examples: through, over, across, along and to.

1. Please do not sit on this chair.
2. Shahrulliza sits beside me in class.
3. He put the bottles of milk in the box.
4. The bird flew swiftly over the building.
5. There is a cat sleeping under the chair.



E. ARTICLES

Indefinite Articles

There are two types of articles: indefinite articles and definite article.

Indefinite articles consist of a and an.

1. An is used before a singular noun that begins with a vowel sound. Examples:
- an apple
- an honest boy
- an umbrella

2. A is used before a singular noun that begins with a consonant sound. Examples:
- a hotel
- a rope
- a boy

Definite Article

Definite article consists only of the. It is used:
1. to refer to a particular person or thing
(i) The man over there is my uncle.
(ii) The house on the hill belongs to a rich family.

2. in front of objects which are the only one of their type
(i) The earth revolves around the sun.
(ii) The sun is shining very brightly today.

3. when a word is mentioned the second time
(i) I bought a pen. The pen is expensive.
(ii) Mum gave me a gift. The gift was for my birthday.

4. with superlative adjectives
(i) Herry is the tallest boy in class.
(ii) This is the most expensive car I have seen.



F. CONJUNCTIONS

Conjunctions are used to join words, phrases or sentences together. Examples: and, or, but, because and so.

1. And is used to combine things of similar value or function.
(i) It was hot and dry yesterday afternoon.
(ii) Mum bought some apples and oranges at the fruit stall.

2. Or is used to show choices.
(i) Would you like some coffee or tea?
(ii) You can stay here or come along with me.

3. But is used to show contrast.
(i) He studied hard but he did not pass the test.
(ii)The police chase the thief but they did not manage to catch him.

4. Because is used to show reason.
(i) He was late because he missed the bus.
(ii) We could not play football because it was raining.

5. So is used to show the result of something.
(i) It was raining so we could not play football.
(ii) He did not do his homework so he was scolded by the teacher.


G. ADVERBS

Adverbs of Manner

Adverbs of manner are used to describe how something is done.

1. The girl sang sweetly.
2. He ran away quickly.
3. I did my work carefully.
4. The boys walk happily.
5. Sheila eats hungrily.
6. The wire bends straightly.

More than and most are used when comparing adverbs of manner that end with -ly.Examples:

1. He did his work more neatly than I did.
2. Mani shouted most loudly among us.

Adverbs of Time

Adverbs of time are used to tell when an action happened.Examples:

1. The bus will arrive soon.
2. Last year, I was in Year 5.
3. Did they go to school yesterday?
4. My sister is cooking in the kitchen now.
5. We went to London for a holiday last year.

Adverbs of Frequency

Adverbs of frequency describe how often a certain action is done.Examples:

1. It does not rain every day.
2. Syahida is sometimes late for class.
3. She is always absent from school.
4. The children walk to school every day.
5. I always wait for my friend at the bus stop.


H. MODALS

Modals are words used to express functions of verbs.




must
have to
could
should




I. TENSES

The Simple Present Tense

The simple present tense is used:
(i) to show habitual action and action that takes place at the present time

1. They are very noisy.
2. My brother has a pet.
3. We walk to school every morning.
4. My mum always cooks our lunch.

(ii) to give instuction and directions

1. Give me the book.
2. Add some sugar in the tea.
3. Walk straight along this road.

(iii) to state general truths or statements

1. The sky is blue.
2. Rivers flow in to the sea.
3. The sun rises in the east.

(iv) in imperative sentences

1. Go away!
2. Keep quiet!
3. Look at me!

For singular verbs in the present tense, you need to add -s, -es or -ies.
1. Nadia keeps her dresses neatly.(keep)
2. Husna catches a big butterfly.(catch)
3. He tries to open the door by himself.(try)
4. The scientist studies the insects.(study)



The Present Continuous Tense

The present continuous tense is used to show an action that takes place at the time of speaking.

The verb to be such as am, is or are are placed before the verbs. Then, -ing is added to the verbs.
1. I am eating an apple.
2. Laila is cycling to the school.
3. The boys are playing football in the field.
4. The farmers are watering the field together.
5. The goldfsih is blowing bubbles in the fish tank.



The Present Prefect Tense

The present perfect tense is used:

(i) to show an action that has happened or was just completed
1. It has just stopped raining.
2. I have finished cleaning my room.
3. Patrick and Joan have just arrived from New York.

(ii) to show an action which began in the past and still continuing into the present
1. I have never been to London before.
2. They have lived in Kuala Lumpur since 1990.
3. Mike has worked in this office for a long time.

(iii) in passive sentences to show actions which took place at an indefinite time in the past
1. I have painted the wall.
2. The car has been repaired.
3. The books have been corrected.



The Simple Past Tense

The simple past tense is used to show an action that happened in the past.
The verb is and am are changed to was.The verb are is changed to were in the past tense sentence.


The Past Continuous Tense

The past continuous tense is used:

(i) to describe an action which was happening at a certain time in the past

1. Diana was walking home when she found that wallet.
2. Were they doing their homework when their father arrived.?
3. I was shopping with my husband when I met my friend, Rashid.

(ii) to describe two actions going on at the same time in the past

1. Diya was reading while Anneza was writing.
2. My brother was washing his car while whistling a happy tune.
3. The pupils were talking as they were walking to their class.


The Past Perfect Tense

The past perfect tense is used :

(i) to show and action that had been completed at a certain time in the past

1. The train had already left when they arrived.
2. I had done my homework when my dad called me.
3. By the time Suraya arrived, we had finished our dinner.

(ii) to show that one past action happened before another

1. After Danish had had his lunch, he did his homework.
2. After the baby had cried quite a bit, her mother fed her.
3. Before she could answer the phone, it had already stopped ringing.



The Simple Future Tense

The simple future tense is used to show a future action.

1. I shall watch the movie tonight.
2. I shall go on the secondary school next year.
3. We shall borrow books from the library tomorrow.
4. The boy scouts will have a camp fire in school this weekend.
5. Johny and his parents will go on a holiday to Singapore next month.



The Future Continuous Tense

The future continuous tense is used to describe an action which will take place later.

1. Musa will be attending tuition class this evening.
2. Will you be meeting your friends at the party tonight?
3. I shall be going to my grandfather's house this weekend.
4. Donna and Karen will be celebrating Mother's Day this Sunday.
5. Salima will be helping her mother at home during the holidays.




VERB FORMS



http://hannanconan.blogspot.com/2010/07/verb-forms-to-read-and-understand.html


http://hannanconan.blogspot.com/2010/07/verb-forms-to-read-and-understand.html


J.SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

The subject in the sentence must always agree with the verb.

(i) Singular verbs are used with singular nouns.
1. The girl is present today.
2. Faizal walks to school every day.
3. Justynn tries very hard to get full marks in the test.

(ii) Singular verbs are used with uncountable nouns.
1. The water is hot.
2. The air feels cold.
3. The light is bright.

(iii) Singular verbs are used as collective nouns.
1. Kumutha's family is very small.
2. This bunch of grapes is for you.
3. The school netball team wins the trophy every year.

(iv) Plural verbs are used with plural nouns.
1. The pupils are happy with their results.
2. The boys cycle to school.

(v) When two or more subjects are joined with and, plural verbs are used.
1. Yellow and green are my favourite colours.
2. Jamil and Khairil play football for the school team.
3. Hida, Neni and Shah come from the same town.



K. POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE STATEMENTS.

Positive statements are statements formed without the word not.
Negative statements are statements formed by adding not to positive statements.

http://www.score-a.com.my/eng/examhall/enotes/AS40021.html


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